TR 2004/18 Income tax: capital gains: application of CGT event K6 (about pre-CGT shares and pre-CGT trust interests) in section 104-230 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997
 

Please note that the PDF version is the authorised version of this ruling.

FOI status: may be released

 

Preamble

What this Ruling is about

1. This Ruling considers the application of CGT event K6 in section 104-230 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997).

2. CGT event K6 can result in capital gains (but not capital losses) if certain CGT events happen to pre-CGT shares in a 'private' company or pre-CGT interests in a 'private' trust where the market value of its post-CGT property is at least 75% of its net value ('the 75% test').

3. The Ruling deals with issues under the following topics:

·

  what is meant by property, including what is meant by property acquired on or after 20 September 1985;

·

  application of the 75% test;

·

  calculation of the capital gain; and

·

  interactions with other provisions of the ITAA 1997.

4. Whilst this Ruling considers the application of CGT event K6, the views expressed in the Ruling also apply, adapted as necessary, to the application of section 160ZZT of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936).

5. This Ruling considers the application of CGT event K6 in the context of structures that comprise one or more companies. However, the views expressed in the Ruling also apply, adapted as necessary, to structures that comprise one or more trusts or a combination of companies and trusts.

6. A reference in this Ruling to a legislative provision is a reference to a provision in the ITAA 1997 unless otherwise indicated.

7. Key terms in this Ruling are defined in paragraph 196. For ease of identification, those terms are in bold and italicised the first time they appear in this Ruling.

Class of person/arrangement

8. This Ruling is about how section 104-230 (CGT event K6) applies to persons who own pre-CGT shares in a company or pre-CGT interests in a trust if one of the CGT events in paragraph 104-230(1)(b) happens in relation to the shares or interests.

Date of effect

9. This Ruling applies to income years commencing both before and after its date of issue. However, the Ruling does not apply to taxpayers:

·

  to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of the Ruling (see paragraphs 21 and 22 of Taxation Ruling TR 92/20); or

·

  to the extent that the K6 event happened before the issue date of the draft version of this Ruling and the outcome provided by this Ruling is less favourable than that provided by a withdrawn Taxation Ruling or Tax Determination listed in paragraph 11.

10. Where the K6 event happened before the issue date of the draft version of this Ruling and the outcome provided by this Ruling is less favourable than that provided by a withdrawn draft Tax Determination listed in paragraph 11, the position provided by the withdrawn draft Tax Determination will constitute a reasonably arguable position.

Previous Rulings

11. This Ruling replaces the following rulings which were withdrawn on and from the issue date of the draft version of this Ruling:

·

  TD 24;

·

  TD 43;

·

  TD 92/149;

·

  TD 93/239;

·

  paragraphs 3 to 5 of IT 2363;

·

  Draft TD 2000/D13;

·

  Draft TD 2000/D14;

·

  Draft TD 2000/D15;

·

  Draft TD 2000/D16;

·

  Draft TD 2000/D17;

·

  Draft TD 2000/D18; and

·

  Draft TD 2000/D19.

Ruling

Property

What is meant by the term 'property' for CGT event K6 purposes?

12. The term 'property' has its ordinary legal meaning. It does not mean 'asset' or 'CGT asset'.

If a single item of property is treated as two or more CGT assets under Subdivision 108-D, how is the item treated for CGT event K6 purposes?

13. A single item of property that constitutes two or more CGT assets under Subdivision 108-D is treated as a single item of property.

If an item of property is a CGT asset that is taken by a provision of the ITAA 1936 or ITAA 1997 to have been acquired either:
· on or after 20 September 1985; or
· before 20 September 1985,
when is the item of property acquired for CGT event K6 purposes?

14. The item of property is acquired at the time the ITAA 1936 or ITAA 1997 treats the CGT asset as having been acquired.

15. An exception applies where the CGT asset is treated as having been acquired post-CGT because of the operation of Division 149 of the ITAA 1997. In this case, the item of property continues to be treated as having been acquired pre-CGT for the purposes of CGT event K6.

75% test

How is the test satisfied?

16. The 75% test is satisfied only if one or both of the following tests are met:

·

  the market value of property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) equals or exceeds 75% of the net value of the company;

·

  the market value of property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) equals or exceeds 75% of the net value of the company.

17. Property, for the purposes of paragraph 104-230(2)(a), can include post-CGT shares in, or loans to, lower tier companies . The market value of property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) cannot be added to the market value of property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) to determine if the 75% test is satisfied.

What property is taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b)?

18. The property taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b) is post-CGT property that is owned by lower tier companies in which the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) has a direct or indirect interest. If the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) has a less than 100% interest in a lower tier company, only that percentage interest in the underlying post-CGT property is counted. It does not matter, for that purpose, whether the shares in the lower tier company giving rise to the interest were acquired pre-CGT or post-CGT.

19. However, the property taken into account does not include post-CGT shares owned by one lower tier company in another. As companies that satisfy the stock exchange listing requirements in paragraph 104-230(9)(a) (including the requirement that the company be listed continuously for at least five years) do not constitute lower tier companies, the property taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b) includes shares in those listed companies owned by a lower tier company.

What assets and liabilities are taken into account for the purposes of working out the net value of a company?

20. The term 'assets' in the context of the expression 'net value' in subsection 104-230(2) means the property and other economic resources owned by the company that can be turned to account.

21. The term 'liabilities' in the context of the expression 'net value' has its ordinary meaning. It extends to a legally enforceable debt which is due for payment and to a presently existing obligation to pay either a sum certain or an ascertainable sum. It does not extend to a contingent liability or to a future obligation or expectancy.

Calculation of the capital gain for CGT event K6

If the 75% test is satisfied, what property is taken into account in calculating the capital gain for CGT event K6 purposes?

22. If the property referred to in either paragraph 104-230(2)(a) or 104-230(2)(b) (but not both) satisfies the 75% test, the property taken into account is that referred to in the paragraph for which the 75% test is satisfied.

23. If the property referred to in each paragraph separately satisfies the 75% test, the property in each paragraph is separately taken into account under subsection 104-230(6) with the result that two capital gains may arise under that subsection. In these circumstances, it is appropriate that the lesser capital gain be disregarded to avoid a double application of the provision.

How is the capital gain calculated for CGT event K6?

24. What constitutes a reasonable attribution of the capital proceeds for the purposes of calculating the capital gain under subsection 104-230(6) will depend on the facts in each case. No formula or other methodology can supplant the statutory requirement which merely provides that the attribution must be reasonable.

25. In most cases involving a single tier structure , the Tax Office considers that a reasonable attribution of the capital proceeds is achieved by applying the two step approach outlined in paragraphs 27 to 33 though it is recognised this approach may not give the only reasonable attribution.

26. In the case of a single tier structure, the Tax Office will generally accept as reasonable a CGT event K6 capital gain calculated under this approach. There could be an unusual case, however, where the approach gives a manifestly and materially unreasonable outcome, in which case it could not be accepted. Such an outcome would arise where, for instance, the entity acquires a substantial asset fully funded by liabilities just prior to CGT event K6 being triggered with the intention of accessing a significantly reduced CGT event K6 capital gain under this approach.

Step 1 - determine how much of the capital proceeds actually relates to the post-CGT property

27. This step requires assumptions to be made about:

·

  the extent to which the post-CGT property and the remaining property of the company, such as its pre-CGT property and trading stock, is reflected in the capital proceeds; and

·

  how the liabilities in existence relate to the post-CGT property and the remaining property of the company.

28. The Tax Office will accept that:

·

  the post-CGT property and the remaining property of the company is reflected in the capital proceeds on a proportional market value basis; and

·

  the liabilities relate to the post-CGT property and the remaining property of the company on a proportional market value basis.

29. As a result, the capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property could be determined as:

where:

Market value of post-CGT property means the sum of the market value of the post-CGT property taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(a); and

 

Market value of all property means the sum of the market value of all property (including pre-CGT acquired property and trading stock) owned by the company.

 

30. It would be open to taxpayers to do a more refined analysis of either the extent to which the company's property is reflected in the capital proceeds or how the liabilities relate to the property of the company for the purposes of this step.

Step 2 - determine how much of the step 1 amount relates to the amount by which the market value of the post-CGT property exceeds the costs bases of that property

31. The Tax Office considers that the capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property should be allocated on a reasonable basis between the original investment in the property and the overall unrealised gain on the property. It is considered that a reasonable allocation of the proceeds to the unrealised gain would be achieved by determining the proportion of gain on the post-CGT property to its market value, then applying that same proportion to the amount of proceeds attributable to the post-CGT property.

32. As a result, the amount of the CGT event K6 capital gain is determined under step 2 as:

where:

Market value excess means the excess of the market value of property taken into account under subsection 104-230(6) over the sum of the cost bases of that property.

 

33. If a capital gain calculated under step 2 exceeds the market value excess, the capital gain would be limited to the market value excess.

34. The principles underlying the approach for single tier structures would also be helpful in determining what constitutes a reasonable attribution of the capital proceeds in the case of a multi-tier structure . In a limited number of cases involving simple multi-tier structures, an unmodified application of that approach may result in a reasonable attribution. However, in the majority of cases involving multi-tier structures, complicating factors would require adjustments to be made.

35. As a result, what constitutes a reasonable attribution in a multi-tier structure will usually depend on the facts in each case.

What company must satisfy the stock exchange listing requirements in paragraph 104-230(9)(a) for CGT event K6 not to happen?

36. The company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) must satisfy the stock exchange listing requirements for CGT event K6 not to happen under paragraph 104-230(9)(a).

37. If the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a), or a lower tier company, holds shares in a company that satisfies the stock exchange listing requirements in paragraph 104-230(9)(a) (including the requirement that the company be listed continuously for at least five years), the property owned by that listed company, along with the property owned by other companies in which it has a direct or indirect interest, does not constitute property which is taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b). The post-CGT shares in the listed company will however constitute property which is taken into account either under paragraph 104-230(2)(a) or paragraph 104-230(2)(b).

Can section 116-30 substitute market value proceeds?

38. Yes. The market value substitution rule in section 116-30 can apply (see section 116-25).

Can indexation be included in the cost base of property under subsection 104-230(6)?

39. Yes. Indexation can be included in the cost base of property provided it was acquired:

·

  at least 12 months before the time of CGT event K6; and

·

  at or before 11.45 am (by legal time in the Australian Capital Territory) on 21 September 1999.

40. Indexation can be included in the cost base of property regardless of whether it would yield a capital gain or capital loss relative to its market value just before the time of CGT event K6.

Do depreciating assets have cost bases for the purpose of calculating the capital gain?

41. Yes. They have a cost base for this purpose.

Can subsection 110-45(2) apply to reduce the cost bases of depreciating assets for amounts deducted for their decline in value?

42. Yes. Subsection 110-45(2) can apply to reduce the cost base for amounts deducted for the decline in value.

Is the CGT discount in Division 115 potentially available for a capital gain made under CGT event K6?

43. Yes. The CGT discount is potentially available where:

·

  CGT event K6 happened to a pre-CGT share owned by an individual, a complying superannuation entity, a trust or, in the circumstances set out in paragraph 115-10(d), a life insurance company: section 115-10;

·

  the CGT event happened after 11.45 am (by legal time in the Australian Capital Territory) on 21 September 1999: section 115-15;

·

  the cost base of property was not indexed for the purposes of calculating the capital gain under subsection 104-230(6): section 115-20;

·

  the pre-CGT share in the company was acquired at least 12 months prior to the time of the CGT event: section 115-25; and

·

  the CGT discount would have been available in relation to the majority of CGT assets (by cost and by value) owned by the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) had those assets been owned by the shareholder for the same time they were owned by the company and been disposed of at the time CGT event K6 happened: sections 115-45 and 115-50 of the ITAA 1997.

Can small business CGT relief in Division 152 apply to a CGT event K6 capital gain?

44. Yes. Provided the pre-CGT shares referred to in paragraph 104-230(1)(a) are active assets within the meaning of section 152-40 and the other requirements of Division 152 are satisfied.

Interactions with other provisions

Can a choice be made to avoid the disregarding of a capital gain under subsection 104-230(10) in circumstances where a choice for scrip for scrip rollover would have been available had the shares been acquired post-CGT?

45. No. Subsection 104-230(10) operates automatically and the disregarding cannot be avoided.

If a capital gain is disregarded under subsection 104-230(10), what is the amount of the reduction required to the cost base and reduced cost base of the replacement share under subsection 124-800(2)?

46. The amount of the reduction is the amount of the CGT event K6 capital gain disregarded under subsection 104-230(10).

If the cost base and reduced cost base of a post-CGT replacement share is reduced under subsection 124-800(2) as a result of a capital gain being disregarded under subsection 104-230(10), is the CGT discount available if a CGT event happens to the share within 12 months of its acquisition?

47. No. The CGT discount is not available in these circumstances. A post-CGT replacement share, acquired in exchange for a pre-CGT original share, must be owned for at least 12 months to qualify for the CGT discount.

Can CGT event K6 happen when pre-CGT shares end under CGT event C2 on deregistration of a company in liquidation following its winding up?

48. Although CGT event K6 is theoretically capable of happening, it is most unlikely that the company would have any property of the kind referred to in subsection 104-230(2) just before the time CGT event C2 happens. That is, the company is highly likely to be a 'shell' at that stage.

49. In the unlikely event that CGT event K6 is attracted, section 118-20 of the ITAA 1997 reduces any capital gain under subsection 104-230(6) by the amount (if any) of the liquidator's distribution that is assessed as a dividend.

Explanation

50. The remaining paragraphs explain in turn each of the issues dealt with in the Ruling and, where relevant, outline alternative views on the application of CGT event K6.

Property

What is meant by the term 'property' for CGT event K6 purposes?

51. The term 'property' is not defined for the purposes of CGT event K6 although trading stock is specifically excluded. Property in section 104-230 has its ordinary legal meaning (see ICI Australia Ltd v. Commissioner of Taxation;¹ Hepples v. Commissioner of Taxation;² R v. Toohey; Ex parte Meneling Station Pty Ltd;³Naval, Military and Airforce Club of South Australia Inc v. Commissioner of Taxation).⁴

52. The Macquarie Dictionary (3rd revised edn) defines 'property' to mean 'that which one owns; the possession or possessions of a particular owner'. The term 'property' in its context in section 104-230 is property owned by either the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) or by lower tier companies.

53. It extends to any kind of property. It covers most CGT assets, including pre-CGT assets, but does not include a CGT asset that is not property. It can include such things as land and buildings, shares in a company, units in a unit trust, options, debts owed to the company, interests in assets and goodwill. Motor vehicles, in relation to which capital gains or capital losses are disregarded for CGT purposes, also constitute 'property'.

54. On the other hand the ordinary meaning of 'property' excludes personal rights such as a contractual right revocable at will by the other party: Austell Pty Ltd v. Commr of State Taxation (WA) ⁵ and, possibly, non assignable rights under an employment contract: Hepples v. Commissioner of Taxation. ⁶ It is judicially established that mining, quarrying or prospecting information is not property: Pancontinental Mining Ltd v. Commissioner of Stamp Duties ,⁷ and items such as future income tax benefits, whilst within the accounting definition of asset, are not property.

Alternative view: property should be construed as meaning the same as 'assets'

55. An alternative view is that property should be construed as meaning the same as 'assets', being property that can be applied to repay debts. The meaning of 'asset' does not correspond with the ordinary legal meaning of 'property'. Some things may constitute property, but not be an asset, and vice versa.

56. Proponents of the view that property means 'assets' argue that it achieves a 'like for like' comparison between 'property' and 'assets', as used in the net value calculation, in subsection 104-230(2), thereby reducing compliance costs for taxpayers.

57. The Tax Office does not accept this view because the legislature used the word property, not asset, which is a well understood term and is therefore preferred in the context of CGT event K6.

Alternative view: property means 'CGT assets'

58. Another alternative view is that property should be construed as meaning 'CGT assets'. The ordinary legal meaning of 'property' does not correspond with the definition of 'CGT asset', which extends to non-proprietary rights. Also, while there is debate whether Australian currency notes and coins ('cash') is a CGT asset, it is clearly a chattel and therefore 'property'.

59. Proponents of the view that property should be construed as meaning 'CGT assets' contend that this appropriately mirrors the capital gain that would arise if a CGT event had happened to the underlying property of the company. It is also argued that the use of the defined CGT terms 'acquired' and 'cost base' recognises the very close correspondence between 'property' and 'asset' as defined in section 160A of the ITAA 1936 when CGT was introduced in 1986.

60. The Tax Office does not accept this view because:

·

  the legislature could easily have used, in section 160ZZT of the ITAA 1936, the term 'asset', as defined in section 160A of that Act if this had been its intention;

·

  when the concept of 'asset' for CGT purposes clearly diverged away from 'property', there were no changes made for section 160ZZT or CGT event K6 purposes - for example, there was no change to section 160ZZT when the definition of 'asset' in section 160A was widened to include non-proprietary rights⁸ nor was there any change when motor vehicles were included as 'CGT assets' in the 1997 Act CGT provisions; and

·

  the use of defined CGT terms 'acquired' and 'cost base' does not necessarily signify that property is intended to refer to 'CGT assets' - the use of those terms merely indicates that they should be used in calculating the capital gain on underlying post-CGT property under subsection 104-230(6).

If a single item of property is treated as two or more CGT assets under Subdivision 108-D, how is the item treated for CGT event K6 purposes?

61. Subdivision 108-D treats a single asset as constituting two or more separate CGT assets in certain cases. For example, subsection 108-55(2) treats a building constructed on or after 20 September 1985 on land acquired before that date as being a separate CGT asset from the land even though, at common law, the building forms part of a single asset being the land.

62. An item of property that constitutes two or more CGT assets under Subdivision 108-D is nevertheless treated as a single item of property in section 104-230. This is because the term 'property' in section 104-230 takes its ordinary legal meaning and does not mean 'CGT assets'.

Example 1

63. Patricia holds 100% of the pre-CGT shares in Y Pty Ltd. Y Pty Ltd owns a block of land which it acquired prior to 20 September 1985. It constructed a building on the land in 1995. The land and building are separate CGT assets under Subdivision 108-D. However the land and building are a single item of property acquired prior to 20 September 1985 for CGT event K6 purposes.

If an item of property is a CGT asset that is taken by a provision of the ITAA 1936 or ITAA 1997 to have been acquired either:
· on or after 20 September 1985; or
· before 20 September 1985,
when is the item of property acquired for CGT event K6 purposes?

64. For CGT event K6 purposes, the item of property is taken to have been acquired at the time the ITAA 1936 or ITAA 1997 treats the CGT asset as having been acquired. Thus, for example, if a CGT asset is taken to have been acquired before 20 September 1985 under a roll-over provision within Parts 3-1 and 3-3, the item of property will also be taken to have been acquired before that date for CGT event K6 purposes.

65. An exception applies where the CGT asset is treated as having been acquired post-CGT because of the operation of Division 149. In this case, the item of property continues to be treated as having been acquired pre-CGT for the purposes of CGT event K6.

66. Continuing to treat the item of property as acquired pre-CGT is consistent with the objective of CGT event K6. As an anti-avoidance or transitional provision, it is designed to capture the accumulation of post-CGT acquired property in a company with pre-CGT shareholders. CGT event K6 is not targeted at the accumulation of property which is only deemed post-CGT acquired because of the operation of another anti-avoidance or transitional provision in Division 149.

67. Extending the context of the deeming in Division 149 to the operation of CGT event K6 could lead to one deemed result from an anti-avoidance provision adversely interacting with another deemed result from another anti-avoidance provision.

75% test

How is the test satisfied?

68. The 75% test is satisfied only if one or both of the following tests are met:

·

  the market value of property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) equals or exceeds 75% of the net value of the company;

·

  the market value of property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) equals or exceeds 75% of the net value of the company.

69. The use of the word 'or' between paragraphs 104-230(2)(a) and 104-230(2)(b) suggests that each of the requirements in those paragraphs must be tested independently. Ordinarily, the word 'or' is used disjunctively and invites consideration of two alternatives.

70. The Tax Office observes that such an interpretation may result in the 75% test being avoided by the placement of post-CGT property in a lower tier company rather than in the company in which the shares are held. The general anti-avoidance provisions in Part IVA may apply where this is done predominantly for the purpose of gaining a tax benefit. Also, any CGT assets acquired, or any liabilities discharged or released, may be disregarded under subsection 104-230(8) in working out the net value of the company in which the shares are held if the acquisition, or the discharge or release, was done for a purpose that included ensuring the 75% test was not satisfied.

Example 2

71. X acquired all of the shares of A Pty Ltd (a private company manufacturer) before 20 September 1985. X sold those shares on 1 July 2001. Just before the time of disposal, A Pty Ltd owned pre-CGT property and post-CGT property, including pre-CGT issued shares in B Pty Ltd, another private company. The only property of B Pty Ltd is post-CGT property. The market value of the property of both A Pty Ltd and B Pty Ltd at the date of sale is shown diagrammatically below. All figures are shown in ($000).

72. The property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) does not satisfy the 75% test because the market value of post-CGT property in A Pty Ltd does not equal or exceed 75% of the net value of A Pty Ltd ($6,000/$11,100 = 54.05%). The property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) also does not satisfy the 75% test because the market value of the interest which A Pty Ltd owns in post-CGT property through B Pty Ltd does not equal or exceed 75% of the net value of A Pty Ltd ($2,600/$11,100 = 23.42%).

73. The 75% test would have been satisfied if the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) was counted with the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) - that is, 54.05% + 23.42% = 77.47%.

74. Had the post-CGT property held by B Pty Ltd instead been held by A Pty Ltd, the post-CGT property held by A Pty Ltd would have satisfied the 75% test.

Alternative view: 'or' should be construed conjunctively

75. An alternative view is that the word 'or' should be construed conjunctively, that is to mean 'and'. This is either because the draftsman made an error that would give a wholly unreasonable result as could not have been intended by the legislature (see R v. Oakes ⁹ cited with approval Ex parte Melvin )¹⁰ or, in its context, the word 'or' should be given a conjunctive interpretation (see Gillespie v. Ford; ¹¹ Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v. Baker; ¹² Unity APA Ltd v. Humes Ltd (No. 2); ¹³ Ormerod v. Blaslov;¹⁴ The Electricity Trust of South Australia v. Krone (Australia) Technique Pty Ltd).¹⁵

76. The Tax Office does not accept this view because:

·

  the ordinary meaning of 'or' is a disjunctive interpretation and this does not produce a wholly unreasonable result, even if it does result in certain potentially anomalous outcomes; and

·

  literally, the conjunctive interpretation would result in inappropriate double counting of post-CGT shares in lower tier companies and post-CGT property of those companies - while this might be avoided by implicitly disregarding the shares, such an approach has not been drafted and arguably cannot be read in.

Alternative view: single test for multi-tier structures

77. Another alternative view is that the 75% test is satisfied in a multi-tier structure only if the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) equals or exceeds 75% of the net value of the company.

78. Proponents of this view argue that the reference in paragraph 104-230(1)(d) to 'the applicable requirement in subsection (2)' being satisfied indicates an intention on the part of the legislature for the paragraph 104-230(2)(a) requirement to apply only to single tier structures and the paragraph 104-230(2)(b) requirement to apply to multi-tier structures.

79. The Tax Office does not accept this view because:

·

  it would produce absurd results - a shareholder in a single tier structure could minimise or eliminate their CGT event K6 liability by having the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) create a lower tier company prior to the event happening; and

·

  it is inconsistent with the interpretation that applied under section 160ZZT of the ITAA 1936 and section 1-3 ensures the use of different words in section 104-230 are not taken to result in a different meaning.

What property is taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b)?

80. The property to which paragraph 104-230(2)(b) refers is the post-CGT property in lower tier companies in which the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) has a direct or indirect interest, other than property that consists of post-CGT shares held by a lower tier company in another lower tier company. This 'look through' approach effectively ignores the post-CGT shares in lower tier companies and looks to the underlying post-CGT property owned by those companies.

81. The Tax Office considers that the reference in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) to 'interests the company owned through interposed companies in property' directs attention to the proportionate interest which the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) owns in the underlying post-CGT property of the lower tier companies. Whether the shareholdings representing those interests were acquired pre-CGT or post-CGT is irrelevant.

Example 3

82. Wendy owns all of the shares, being pre-CGT shares, in Hold Co. Hold Co owns all of the shares in Sub Co, with 50% of the shares being pre-CGT shares and the remaining 50% being post-CGT shares. Sub Co owns property consisting of post-CGT land and all of the shares in Sub Co 1, those shares also being post-CGT shares. Sub Co 1 in turn also owns property consisting of post-CGT land.

83. If Wendy were to sell her pre-CGT shares in Hold Co, the property that would be taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b) would be the post-CGT land in Sub Co and the post-CGT land in Sub Co 1 (assuming the post-CGT land was not trading stock in the hands of Sub Co and Sub Co 1).

84. The post-CGT shares that Sub Co owns in Sub Co 1 would not be taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b). This is because those shares are 'looked through' to the underlying post-CGT property owned by Sub Co 1

85. If Hold Co instead owned 70% of the shares in Sub Co, with 5/7 of those shares being post-CGT shares and the remaining 2/7 pre-CGT shares, the property taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b) would be the proportionate interest that Hold Co has in the underlying property owned by Sub Co and Sub Co 1- that is, 70% of the market value of both the post-CGT land in Sub Co and the post-CGT land in Sub Co 1 would be taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b). The fact that 2/7 of the shares owned by Hold Co were pre-CGT shares is irrelevant.

Alternative views

86. Alternative views relating to what property is taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b) are:

·

  only the post-CGT interests which the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) owns in post-CGT property of lower tier companies;

·

  where a company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) has post-CGT shares in a lower tier company, all post-CGT property in that lower tier company, as well as in tiers of lower tier companies below that particular lower tier company, is disregarded; or

·

  post-CGT shares in a lower tier company are not disregarded to the extent that the property owned by that company is pre-CGT property or trading stock.

87. Under the first alternative view, the property taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b) in example 3, using the first set of facts, would be 50% of the market value of both the post-CGT land in Sub Co and the post-CGT land in Sub Co 1. This is because Hold Co has a 50% post-CGT interest in the post-CGT property of Sub Co and a 50% post-CGT interest (50% ? 100%) in the post-CGT property of Sub Co 1.

88. Under the second alternative view, no property would be taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b) using the first set of facts in example 3. The post-CGT land owned in Sub Co and Sub Co 1, as well as the post-CGT shares that Sub Co owned in Sub Co 1, would not constitute post-CGT property that is taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b). However, the post-CGT shares held by Hold Co in Sub Co would be taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(a).

89. The third alternative view ignores the post-CGT shares in lower tier companies but not if the property held by the company is pre-CGT property or trading stock, as there can be no 'double counting' in that regard. Using the first set of facts in example 3, this would mean Sub Co's post-CGT shareholding in Sub Co 1 would be taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b) if the land held by Sub Co 1 was pre-CGT rather than post-CGT, or was trading stock.

90. These alternative views are not accepted because, as a matter of grammatical construction, the word 'were' would have been used in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) instead of the word 'was' if a reference to post-CGT interests in property of a lower tier company, or the post CGT interests in a lower tier company, had been intended. More generally, the view of the Tax Office is that the proposed 'look through' approach to underlying post-CGT property (not being shares in lower tier companies where there is the potential for the property of such companies to be counted), directly fulfils the legislative purpose of section 104-230.16

What assets and liabilities are taken into account for the purposes of working out the net value of a company?

91. In determining whether the post-CGT value in a company is sufficient such that a CGT event happening to pre-CGT shares in that company should give rise to tax consequences, the legislature has chosen to compare the value of post-CGT property with the 'net value' of the company. The expression 'net value' used in subsection 104-230(2) is defined in subsection 995-1(1) to mean, for an entity, 'the amount by which the sum of the market values of the assets of the entity exceeds the sum of its liabilities'.

92. It can easily be appreciated that a company which is very highly geared may have a net value (say $10 million) which is very small compared to the value of its assets (say $200 million). As such, it may have post-CGT property (say $8 million) with a value in excess of 75% of the net value of the company, and so pre-CGT shares in that company may be subject to CGT event K6. This is so even though the post-CGT property represents only a small proportion (4%) of the company's total assets.

Assets

93. 'Assets' is not defined for the net value definition. Accordingly, the term has its ordinary meaning in the context in which it is used.

94. In the context of section 104-230, the term means property according to ordinary concepts as well as the other economic resources of the company that it is capable of turning to account, even if they are not property.

Alternative view: accounting meaning of 'assets'

95. An alternative view is that in the context of section 104-230, 'assets' has its accounting meaning. For the purpose of preparing general purpose financial statements Statement of Accounting Concepts 4 (SAC 4) defines 'assets' at paragraph 14 as 'future economic benefits controlled by an entity as a result of past transactions or other past events'.

96. There are insufficient contextual factors in the legislation to warrant adopting that meaning. This contrasts with the views expressed in Taxation Ruling TR 2002/20 where it was stated that the term 'assets', when used in the thin capitalisation provisions in Division 820, is to have its accounting meaning. However, the broad and specific contextual factors present in Division 820 collectively support the conclusion that the accounting definition was intended to apply throughout that Division. These factors are not present in section 104-230.

Liabilities

97. 'Liabilities' is also not defined for the net value definition. Accordingly, the term has its ordinary meaning in context.

98. The Macquarie Dictionary (3rd revised edn) defines liability to mean: 'an obligation, especially for payment; debt or pecuniary obligations (opposed to asset)'.

99. In the context of section 104-230, the term 'liabilities' extends to legally enforceable debts due for payment and to presently existing obligations to pay either a sum certain or ascertainable sums. It does not extend to contingent liabilities, future obligations or expectancies.

Alternative view: accounting meaning of 'liabilities'

100. An alternative view is that in the context of section 104-230, 'liabilities' has its accounting meaning. SAC 4 defines liabilities as 'future sacrifices of economic benefits that the entity is presently obliged to make to other entities as a result of past transactions or other past events'.

101. In the context of CGT event K6, it is considered that the term 'liabilities' should not have its accounting meaning as, unlike the thin capitalisation provisions in Division 820 where the term has its accounting meaning, there are insufficient contextual factors for that interpretation in CGT event K6.

Calculation of the capital gain for CGT event K6

If the 75% test is satisfied, what property is taken into account in calculating the capital gain for CGT event K6 purposes?

102. In a single tier structure, the property taken into account under subsection 104-230(6) is the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a).

103. In the context of a multi-tier structure, the property taken into account under subsection 104-230(6) depends on whether:

·

  the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) and the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) each (separately) satisfies the 75% test; or

·

  the property referred to in one only of those paragraphs satisfies the 75% test.

104. If one only of those paragraphs satisfies the 75% test, the property taken into account under subsection 104-230(6) is the property referred to in that paragraph.

105. If the property referred to in each paragraph separately satisfies the 75% test, the property in each paragraph is separately taken into account under subsection 104-230(6). As a result, a pre-CGT shareholder may make two capital gains under CGT event K6 as a result of one of the CGT events in paragraph 104-230(1)(b) happening to their shares. In these circumstances, the Tax Office does not consider that the paragraph 104-230(2)(b) property taken into account in calculating one of the capital gains is any more relevant or specific than the paragraph 104-230(2)(a) property taken into account in calculating the other capital gain. However, the Tax Office considers it appropriate in these circumstances to disregard the lesser capital gain to avoid a double application of the provision.

Example 4

106. Peter owns all of the shares, being pre-CGT shares, in C Pty Ltd. C Pty Ltd owns pre-CGT and post-CGT property, including post-CGT shares in the lower tier company E Pty Ltd. E Pty Ltd owns pre-CGT and post-CGT property, including post-CGT shares in the lower tier company G Pty Ltd. G Pty Ltd owns only post-CGT property.

107. If Peter were to sell his pre-CGT shares in C Pty Ltd, both the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) [($4,000 + $12,000)/$14,000 = 114.29%] and the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) [($4,000 + $7,000)/$14,000 = 78.57%] would each separately satisfy the 75% test. The post-CGT property in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) consists only of the underlying property in E Pty Ltd and G Pty Ltd. The post-CGT shares which E Pty Ltd owns in G Pty Ltd are not treated as property for the purposes of paragraph 104-230(2)(b).

108. Since the property referred to in each paragraph satisfies the 75% test, Peter must take into account the property in each paragraph separately under subsection 104-230(6). As a result, Peter may make more than one capital gain under subsection 104-230(6) as a result of selling his pre-CGT shares. In these circumstances, it is appropriate to disregard the lesser capital gain to avoid a double application of the provision. See paragraphs 116 to 130 for an explanation concerning the calculation of the capital gain under subsection 104-230(6).

109. Assume now that the underlying post-CGT property in G Pty Ltd consists entirely of trading stock which is specifically excluded from property in paragraph 104-230(2)(b). The property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) still satisfies the 75% test but the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) now does not. Peter takes into account only the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) in calculating his capital gain under subsection 104-230(6).

Alternative view: all property referred to in subsection 104-230(2)

110. An alternative view is that the property taken into account under subsection 104-230(6) is the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) and the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b), whether the net value test is satisfied by the property referred to in only one of those paragraphs, or separately satisfied by the property referred to in both of those paragraphs.

111. Proponents of this view argue that the 75% test is merely a threshold test which determines whether the provision has application. As a result, it is argued that the property taken into account under subsection 104-230(6) is not governed by what property satisfied the 75% test.

112. The Tax Office does not accept this view because:

·

  the context of section 104-230 indicates a link between the property which satisfies the 75% test and the property which is taken into account in calculating the capital gain; and

·

  subsection 104-230(6) makes reference to 'the property referred to in subsection (2) and the use of the word 'or' in subsection 104-230(2) does not allow for the property to be aggregated for the purposes of calculating the capital gain.

Alternative view: more specific test for multi-tier structures

113. Another alternative view is that the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) is the more relevant and more specific test to be applied in the case of a multi-tiered structure. As a result, it is argued that only the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) should be taken into account in calculating the capital gain in cases where the property in each paragraph separately satisfies the 75% test.

114. Proponents of this view argue that adopting this approach ensures that gains relating to trading stock and pre-CGT assets held in lower tier companies are not indirectly taxed as a result of taking into account as property the shares in lower tier companies under paragraph 104-230(2)(a).

115. The Tax Office does not accept this view because:

·

  the property referred to in one paragraph is not considered to be any more relevant or specific than the property which is referred to in the other paragraph; and

·

  it would produce absurd results - a shareholder could minimise or eliminate their CGT event K6 liability by arranging that lower tier companies are present, but hold only low value property having little or no unrealised gain.

How is the capital gain calculated for CGT event K6?

116. Subsection 104-230(6) provides that you make a capital gain equal to that part of the capital proceeds from the share which is reasonably attributable to the amount by which the market value of property referred to in subsection 104-230(2) exceeds the sum of the cost bases of that property.

117. The legislation provides no guidance, other than the reasonableness requirement, as to the way that an amount of capital proceeds is to be attributed to the market value excess on the post-CGT property. Given that such capital proceeds can be influenced by the market value of assets, the effect of liabilities, a potential tax liability if assets are sold, as well as a variety of other factors, the task of attribution will often be problematic.

118. In its purest form, it is considered that a reasonable attribution would require apportioning both the capital proceeds and the liabilities to the individual assets to which they relate. In most cases however, this process would not be feasible due to the compliance costs involved in undertaking such a process.

119. What constitutes a reasonable attribution will therefore depend on the facts of each case and no formula or other methodology can supplant the statutory requirement which merely provides that the attribution must be reasonable. It is possible that, on the facts of a given case, more than one amount might be considered 'reasonable'.

Reasonable attribution - single tier structures

120. The Tax Office considers that the principles underpinning the two step approach outlined in paragraphs 27 to 33 are legislatively supported by the wording of subsection 104-230(6). As a result, in the case of a single tier structure, the Tax Office will normally accept as reasonable the CGT event K6 capital gain calculated under this approach.

121. However, the Tax Office will not accept the capital gain under the two step approach in cases where the result is manifestly and materially unreasonable.

122. Such a result would not be common but could arise where, for instance, the entity acquires a substantial asset fully funded by liabilities just prior to CGT event K6 being triggered with the intention of accessing, by a swamping effect, a significantly reduced CGT event K6 capital gain under this approach. In these circumstances, the result would be manifestly and materially unreasonable as the acquisition of the debt funded asset would materially distort the amount of capital proceeds allocated to existing post-CGT property under step 1 without affecting the overall amount of capital proceeds received.

Step 1

123. Step one of the approach requires determining how much of the capital proceeds actually relates to the post-CGT property. For the purposes of applying that step, the Tax Office will accept that:

·

  the post-CGT property and the remaining property of the company, such as its pre-CGT property and trading stock, is reflected in the capital proceeds on a proportional market value basis; and

·

  the liabilities relate to the post-CGT property and the remaining property of the company on a proportional market value basis.

124. However, it would be open to taxpayers to do a more refined analysis of either the extent to which the company's property is reflected in the capital proceeds or how the liabilities relate to the property of the company. Such an approach could be adopted where, for instance, a taxpayer could demonstrate that the capital proceeds were reduced to take account of potential future tax liabilities on post-CGT property or where the taxpayer could demonstrate that certain liabilities related to particular items of property.

Step 2

125. Step two requires determining what part of the capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property is attributable to the market value excess on that property. The amount attributable to the market value excess is dependent on whether the capital proceeds in relation to the post-CGT property could be considered to relate:

·

  firstly to the gain component of the property; or

·

  to the total market value of the property, comprising both a cost base component and a gain component.

126. The Tax Office considers that allocating the capital proceeds firstly to the gain component of the property is inappropriate as the capital proceeds should be allocated on a reasonable basis between the original investment in the property and the overall unrealised gain on the property. It is considered that a reasonable allocation of the proceeds to the unrealised gain would be achieved by determining the proportion of gain on the post-CGT property to its market value, then applying that same proportion to the amount of proceeds attributable to the post-CGT property.

Capping the capital gain

127. Where the capital proceeds received from the sale of pre-CGT shares reflects a premium that has been paid over the market value of the company's property, the capital gain calculated under step 2 may exceed the market value excess. In those cases, the capital gain is limited to the market value excess.

Reasonable attribution - multi-tier structures

128. The principles underlying the approach for single tier structures would also be helpful in determining what constitutes a reasonable attribution of the capital proceeds in the case of a multi-tier structure. However, in the majority of cases involving multi-tier structures, complicating factors will mean an unmodified application of that approach will not result in a reasonable attribution of the capital proceeds.

129. Complications can arise in the case of a multi-tier structure because only the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a), or the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b), is taken into account under subsection 104-230(6). Where the property taken into account is the paragraph 104-230(2)(b) property, the presence of paragraph 104-230(2)(a) property will affect the extent to which the capital proceeds relate to the property in the lower tier companies. As a result, it is necessary to exclude that part of the proceeds attributable to the paragraph 104-230(2)(a) property before the two step approach can be applied. Further complications can also arise in the case of multi-tier structures due to the presence of property, such as loans between lower tier companies, the value of which is not reflected in the capital proceeds received.

130. As a result, what constitutes a reasonable attribution in a multi-tier structure will usually depend on the facts in each case.

Example 5

131. Min Co is a privately owned mining exploration company. Its sole shareholder, John, acquired all of his shares pre-CGT. Just before John disposed of all of his shares for $810,000, Min Co held the following property all of which was post-CGT acquired except for the Mining tenement - QLD. Min Co also had liabilities of $40,000.

132. As Min Co is a single tier structure, John may calculate his capital gain under the 2 step approach.

Step 1 - capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property

133. John has assumed that the post-CGT property and the pre-CGT property is reflected in the capital proceeds on a proportional market value basis. As John is unaware of what property the liabilities relate to, John has assumed that the liabilities relate to the post-CGT property and the pre-CGT property on a proportional market value basis. As a result, the capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property could be determined as:

Step 2 - allocating the step 1 amount to the market value excess

134. Step 2 involves allocating the capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property between the cost base of that property and the market value excess of that property on a reasonable basis. This can be done by firstly determining the proportion of gain on the post-CGT property to its market value, then applying that same proportion to the amount of proceeds attributable to the post-CGT property. As a result, the amount of the CGT event K6 capital gain is determined under step 2 as:

135. The Tax Office will accept as reasonable the capital gain of $90,529 because, having regard to the facts, it is not thought to be manifestly and materially unreasonable.

136. In working out the market value excess, both the depreciating assets and the land and buildings are taken into account even though their market value is less than their cost base. This is because the post-CGT property taken into account in calculating the capital gain is not limited to the property which would yield a capital gain relative to its market value just before the time of CGT event K6.

Example 6

137. Brew Co is a privately owned boutique brewing company the sole shareholder in which, Mark, acquired all of his shares pre-CGT. On 1 May 2000, following an offer from a major competitor, Mark disposed of all of his shares in Brew Co for $1,020,000. Just before that time, Brew Co had post-CGT property with a market value of $800,000 and cost base of $400,000 and pre-CGT property with a market value of $200,000 and cost base of $100,000. Brew Co also had liabilities of $50,000. The capital proceeds of $1,020,000 represented a premium of $70,000 over the net value of Brew Co and reflected the premium paid by the purchaser to remove a competitor from the market.

138. As Brew Co is a single tier structure, Mark may calculate his capital gain under the 2 step approach.

Step 1 - capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property

139. Mark has assumed that the post-CGT property and the pre-CGT property is reflected in the capital proceeds on a proportional market value basis. However, as Mark is able to show that the liabilities relate solely to the post-CGT property, the capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property could be determined as:

Step 2 - allocating the step 1 amount to the market value excess

140. Step 2 involves allocating the capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property between the cost base of that property and the market value excess of that property on a reasonable basis. This can be done by determining the proportion of gain on the post-CGT property to its market value, then applying that same proportion to the amount of proceeds attributable to the post-CGT property. As a result, the amount of the CGT event K6 capital gain is determined under step 2 as:

141. As the capital gain exceeds the market value excess ($400,000), the capital gain is limited to $400,000. The Tax Office will accept as reasonable the capital gain of $400,000 because, having regard to the facts, it is not thought to be manifestly and materially unreasonable.

Example 7

142. Jill owns all the shares in Alpha Co which she acquired pre-CGT. In March 2002, Jill sells all of her shares for $60,000 under an arms length dealing with a third party purchaser. At that time, Alpha Co owned two items of property, which it acquired post-CGT, being a block of land, which had a cost base of $20,000 and a market value of $40,000, and a 100% interest in Beta Co, which had a cost base of $10,000 and a market value of $20,000.

143. Beta Co owned two items of property, both of which it acquired post-CGT, being a 100% interest in Charlie Co, which had a cost base of $10,000 and a market value of $20,000, and a loan to Charlie Co which had a cost base and market value of $40,000. Beta Co also had liabilities to external parties of $40,000.

144. Charlie Co owned one item of property, being a block of land, which it acquired post-CGT. The land had a cost base of $50,000 and a market value of $60,000. Charlie Co also had a liability of $40,000 owing to Beta Co.

145. The property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) [($40,000 + $20,000)/$60,000 = 100%] and the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b) [($40,000 + $60,000)/$60,000 = 166.67%] each separately satisfies the 75% test. As a result, Jill must take into account the property in each paragraph separately under subsection 104-230(6). Jill may therefore make two capital gains under subsection 104-230(6) as a result of selling her pre-CGT shares. In these circumstances, it is appropriate to disregard the lesser capital gain to prevent a double application of the provision.

146. As a multi-tier structure is in existence, it is necessary to consider whether an unmodified application of the two step approach for single tier structures will result in a reasonable attribution of the capital proceeds to the market value excess on either the paragraph 104-230(2)(a) property or the paragraph 104-230(2)(b) property.

Calculating the capital gain - paragraph 104-230(2)(a) property

147. It is considered that an unmodified application of the two step approach for single tier structures will result in a reasonable attribution of the capital proceeds to the market value excess on the post-CGT property in Alpha Co. This is because, Alpha Co, when viewed in isolation, is akin to a single tier structure.

Step 1 - capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property

148. As there are no liabilities in Alpha Co, the capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property in Alpha Co could be determined as:

Step 2 - allocating the step 1 amount to the market value excess

149. Step 2 involves allocating the capital proceeds relating to the post-CGT property between the cost base of that property and the market value excess of that property on a reasonable basis. This can be done by determining the proportion of gain on the post-CGT property to its market value, then applying that same proportion to the amount of proceeds attributable to the post-CGT property. As a result, the amount of the CGT event K6 capital gain in relation to the paragraph 104-230(2)(a) property is determined under step 2 as:

Calculating the capital gain - paragraph 104-230(2)(b) property

150. It is considered that an unmodified application of the two step approach for single tier structures will not result in a reasonable attribution of the capital proceeds to the market value excess on the property in Beta Co and Charlie Co. This is because the presence of the non-share property in Alpha Co will affect the extent to which the capital proceeds relate to the property in Beta Co and Charlie Co. A further complicating factor is the presence of the loan from Beta Co to Charlie Co which would not be reflected in the process of attributing the capital proceeds received.

151. Whilst the two step approach cannot be used to reasonably attribute the capital proceeds to the paragraph 104-230(2)(b) property, the principles underlying that approach are still relevant to determining what constitutes a reasonable attribution.

152. It can be observed that the capital proceeds of $60,000 are explicable ultimately by the land owned by Alpha Co ($40,000) plus the land owned by Charlie Co ($60,000) less the external liabilities owed by Beta Co ($40,000). The loan from Beta Co to Charlie Co is not reflected in the capital proceeds because Jill has not received increased proceeds for her shares due to the presence of the loan.

153. As the capital proceeds do not relate solely to property held by Beta Co and Charlie Co, it will be necessary to apportion the capital proceeds between the property held by Alpha Co and the property held by Beta Co and Charlie Co. For the purposes of making this apportionment, it will be necessary for an assumption to be made about how the liabilities relate to the property in Alpha Co and the property in Beta Co and Charlie Co. As Jill is able to show that the liabilities relate solely to the land in Charlie Co, the capital proceeds relating to the land in Charlie Co could be determined as:

154. The next step involves allocating the capital proceeds relating to the land in Charlie Co between the cost base of the land and the market value excess of the land on a reasonable basis. This can be done by determining the proportion of gain on the land to its market value, then applying that same proportion to the amount of proceeds attributable to the land. As a result, the amount of the CGT event K6 capital gain in relation to the paragraph 104-230(2)(b) property is determined as:

The amount of the capital gain

155. Jill will make a capital gain of $30,000 taking into account the property referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) and a capital gain of $3,333 taking into account the property in paragraph 104-230(2)(b). It is appropriate to disregard the capital gain of $3,333 to prevent a double application of the provision to Jill.

156. The following points are made about the reasonable attribution used in calculating the capital gain:

(a)

  The object of the reasonable attribution is to bring to account as a capital gain that part of the disposal proceeds of shares in a company which is attributable to an increase in the value of the company's underlying property acquired on or after 20 September 1985 (page 139 of the Explanatory Memorandum to the Income Tax Assessment Amendment (Capital Gains) Bill 1986). In subsection 104-230(6) the concept of 'an increase in the value of the company's underlying property acquired on or after 20 September 1985' is expressed as the amount by which 'the market value of the property referred to in subsection [104-230](2)' is more than 'the sum of the cost bases of that property'. This is referred to in this Ruling as the 'market value excess'.

(b)

  The reasonable attribution applies to the post-CGT property as a whole rather than to each item of post-CGT property separately. The reference to 'the sum of the cost bases of that property' in subsection 104-230(6) supports this approach.

(c)

  In calculating the amount of any capital gain, the reasonable attribution takes into account all items of property irrespective of whether the market value of each separate item of property is greater or less than the cost base of that item.

(d)

  For the purposes of subsection 104-230(6), the 'market value' of the property is determined just before the time of CGT event K6 and is the price at which the property could be expected to be bought and sold as between a willing but not anxious seller and a willing but not anxious buyer: Spencer v. The Commonwealth (1907) 5 CLR 418 at 441; Building and Civil Engineering Holidays Scheme Management, Ltd v. Post Office [1965] 1 All ER 163 at 169.

(e)

  Views might differ on how much of the capital proceeds from the shares is reasonably attributable to the market value excess. If a dispute arises it is ultimately a matter for the courts to determine how much of the capital proceeds from the shares is reasonably attributable to the market value excess.

Alternative view: reasonable attribution based on 'market value excess'

157. An alternative view is that the market value excess should be used as the basis for the reasonable attribution of the capital proceeds. Under this approach, it is argued that in the majority of cases a reasonable attribution of capital proceeds is achieved by applying the formula:

where:

Disposal interest means the interest (expressed as a percentage) in the property taken into account in the subsection 104-230(6) calculation as represented by the paragraph 104-230(1)(b) CGT event happening to the taxpayer's shares - for example, in the case of the sale of shares where the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) has only one class of shares on issue, the disposal interest would be the number of shares disposed of as a percentage of the total number of shares on issue.

 

158. Proponents of this view claim that CGT event K6, as an anti-avoidance or transitional provision, is designed to operate such that it captures interests in post-CGT gain value to the maximum extent. It is argued that this can only be achieved by attributing the capital proceeds firstly to the market value excess even where the company has gains relating to both pre-CGT and post-CGT property.

159. It is considered that a reasonable attribution of capital proceeds does not happen under this alternative view. This is because attributing capital proceeds firstly to the market value excess could not be considered reasonable where the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a), and the lower tier companies, have gains relating to both pre-CGT and post-CGT property. As this view effectively assumes that any liabilities in the structure relate to pre-CGT property, it is likely to significantly overstate the CGT event K6 capital gain where liabilities are present in the structure. Whilst CGT event K6 is an anti-avoidance or transitional provision, the drafting of the provision does not support an attribution of the proceeds firstly to the market value excess.

What company must satisfy the stock exchange listing requirements in paragraph 104-230(9)(a) for CGT event K6 not to happen?

160. To calculate the amount of a CGT event K6 capital gain, it is necessary to obtain information concerning the market value and pre-CGT or post-CGT status of property held in both the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) and in lower tier companies. For this reason, CGT event K6 is limited in its application to companies that do not satisfy certain stock exchange listing requirements outlined in paragraph 104-230(9)(a). This ensures that in most cases it is not necessary to ascertain what property is held in widely held listed companies.

161. It has been argued that the reference in paragraph 104-230(9)(a) to 'a company referred to in subsection (2)' is not limited to the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) but also extends to the 'interposed companies' referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(b). As a result, it is argued CGT event K6 does not happen upon a sale of pre-CGT shares in a company which has substantial post-CGT property if the company owns as little as one share in a company that satisfies the stock exchange listing requirements.

162. The Tax Office does not accept this argument because:

·

  it would produce absurd results; and

·

  it is inconsistent with the interpretation that applied under section 160ZZT of the ITAA 1936 and section 1-3 ensures the same interpretation under CGT event K6.

Property owned by listed companies

163. Where the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a), or a lower tier company, holds shares in a company that satisfies the stock exchange listing requirements in paragraph 104-230(9)(a) (including the requirement that the company be listed continuously for at least five years), the property owned by that listed company, along with the property owned by other companies in which it has a direct or indirect interest, does not constitute property which is taken into account under paragraph 104-230(2)(b).

164. The property is disregarded as the Tax Office does not consider that the listed company, as well as any companies in which it has a direct or indirect interest, constitute 'interposed companies' as that term is used in paragraph 104-230(2)(b). Having regard to the objective of CGT event K6 and the information required for a CGT event K6 calculation, it is considered that the provision does not extend to the accumulation of post-CGT acquired property in a listed company or in other companies in which the listed company has a direct or indirect interest. The post-CGT shares in the listed company will however constitute property which is taken into account either under paragraph 104-230(2)(a) or paragraph 104-230(2)(b).

Can section 116-30 substitute market value proceeds?

165. The term 'capital proceeds' is defined in subsection 995-1(1) to have the meaning given by Division 116. Division 116 contains the general rules about capital proceeds as well as the modifications to the general rules that apply for each CGT event. The table in section 116-25 states that modification 1, being the market value substitution rule, applies to CGT event K6.

Can indexation be included in the cost base of property under subsection 104-230(6)?

166. Subsection 104-230(6) provides that you make a capital gain equal to that part of the capital proceeds from the share which is reasonably attributable to the amount by which the market value of property referred to in subsection 104-230(2) is more than the sum of the cost bases of that property.

167. Subsection 114-10(1) provides that you index expenditure in the cost base of a CGT asset if you acquired the asset at least 12 months before the time of a CGT event. As the time of CGT event K6 under subsection 104-230(5) is the time when the other CGT event referred to in paragraph 104-230(1)(b) happens (for example, CGT event A1), indexation is included in the cost bases of those items of property which were acquired at least 12 months before that time. However, indexation is not available for property that was acquired after 11.45 am (by legal time in the Australian Capital Territory) on 21 September 1999 (see section 114-1).

Do depreciating assets have cost bases for the purpose of calculating the capital gain?

168. CGT event K6 operates by comparing the market values of certain post-CGT property with the cost bases of that property. Property includes depreciating assets.

169. Whilst gains or losses arising upon the disposal of depreciating assets are not worked out under Parts 3-1 and 3-3, depreciating assets are nevertheless CGT assets. As the term 'cost base' is defined in Subdivision 110-A in relation to a CGT asset, it follows that depreciating assets continue to have cost bases for the purposes of applying section 104-230. This is so even though balancing adjustment amounts from depreciating assets are worked out having regard to their Division 40 cost.

Can subsection 110-45(2) apply to reduce the cost bases of depreciating assets for amounts deducted for their decline in value?

170. Broadly, subsection 110-45(2) prevents expenditure from forming part of the cost base of an asset acquired after 13 May 1997 if the expenditure has been deducted or could be deducted for an income year. However, rather than the expenditure never forming part of the cost base of the asset, section 110-37 provides that the expenditure is initially to be included in the cost base and then excluded 'just before a CGT event' happens 'in relation to' the asset.

171. It has been argued that the cost bases of depreciating assets owned by the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a), or by the lower tier companies, are not required to be reduced under subsection 110-45(2) by amounts representing the decline in value of the assets that have been deducted because no CGT event happens in relation to those depreciating assets.

172. This argument is not accepted as the phrase 'in relation to', in the context of section 110-37, has a broad meaning which is capable of supporting an indirect relationship between the subject matters 'CGT event' and 'CGT asset'.

173. Support for adopting a broad meaning of 'in relation to' in section 110-37 can be found in the allowance of indexation in the cost base of a company's property when working out the amount of a capital gain from CGT event K6 under subsection 104-230(6). Under section 114-10, indexation is only available in relation to expenditure included in the cost base of a CGT asset if a CGT event happened in relation to the asset.

Is the CGT discount in Division 115 potentially available for a capital gain made under CGT event K6?

174. The CGT discount applies to a capital gain made under CGT event K6 provided the gain is made by an individual, a complying superannuation entity, a trust or, in the circumstances set out in paragraph 115-10(d), a life insurance company and the other requirements of Division 115 are satisfied.

175. One of those requirements is that the capital gain must result from a CGT event happening to a CGT asset that was acquired by the entity making the capital gain at least 12 months before the CGT event. In the case of a capital gain made from CGT event K6, item 2 in the table in subsection 115-25(2) makes it clear that the 12 month test is applied to the pre-CGT shares in the company and not to the property owned by the company.

176. Another of those requirements is that the capital gain must have been worked out using a cost base that has been calculated without reference to indexation at any time. Accordingly, a capital gain from CGT event K6 will not be a discount capital gain if the cost base of property has been indexed for the purposes of calculating the capital gain under subsection 104-230(6).

Alternative view: cost base of share not indexed

177. An alternative view is that Division 115 requires only that the cost base of the pre-CGT share not be indexed. This is because Division 115 operates on the basis that the share is the relevant asset for the purpose of determining whether the requirements of that Division are met for a CGT event K6 capital gain.

178. This view is not accepted because section 115-20 focuses on the cost base used for calculating the capital gain. A CGT event K6 capital gain is calculated by reference to the cost base of the property and not the cost base of the pre-CGT shares.

Can small business CGT relief in Division 152 apply to a CGT event K6 capital gain?

179. Small business relief in Division 152 can apply for shares that are 'active assets' in terms of section 152-40 and where the other requirements of Division 152 are met.

180. On the happening of CGT event K6 to pre-CGT shares in a company, the small business relief in Division 152 does not apply to property of that company or to any underlying property of any lower tier company as no capital gain is made on that property at that time.

Interactions with other provisions

Can a choice be made to avoid the disregarding of a capital gain under subsection 104-230(10) in circumstances where a choice for scrip for scrip rollover would have been available had the shares been acquired post-CGT?

181. Broadly, scrip for scrip rollover applies where a taxpayer exchanges a share in one company for a share in another company. The rollover does not extend to the exchange of a share that was acquired before 20 September 1985. Ordinarily, in such a case any capital gain would be disregarded.

182. The exchange of a pre-CGT share in a company for a share in another company may, however, result in a capital gain under CGT event K6. In these circumstances, subsection 104-230(10) provides that the capital gain from CGT event K6 is disregarded to the extent that scrip for scrip rollover could have been chosen had the pre-CGT share been a post-CGT share.

183. Subsection 104-230(10) applies automatically to disregard the capital gain in these circumstances. No regard is had to whether or not the taxpayer would have chosen scrip for scrip rollover if the pre-CGT share had been a post-CGT share.

If a capital gain is disregarded under subsection 104-230(10), what is the amount of the reduction required to the cost base and reduced cost base of the replacement share under subsection 124-800(2)?

184. If a capital gain from CGT event K6 is disregarded under subsection 104-230(10), subsection 124-800(2) provides that the cost base and reduced cost base of the replacement share in the other company is reduced by the amount of the capital gain that was disregarded under subsection 104-230(10).

185. It has been suggested that the capital gain disregarded under subsection 104-230(10) is the amount of the gain remaining after the application of both the CGT discount in Division 115 and the small business concessions in Division 152.

186. Such a view is not supported by the framework contained in section 102-5 for calculating a net capital gain. Under that framework only those capital gains that are not otherwise disregarded are taken into account under step 1 of the method statement. As a capital gain that is disregarded under subsection 104-230(10) is not taken into account at step 1 of the method statement, that capital gain cannot be reduced further under step 3 (about capital gains that qualify for the CGT discount) and under step 4 (about capital gains that qualify for the small business concessions) of the method statement.

187. Accordingly, the reduction required to the cost base and reduced cost base under subsection 124-800(2) is the capital gain arising under CGT event K6 that is disregarded under subsection 104-230(10).

If the cost base and reduced cost base of a post-CGT replacement share is reduced under subsection 124-800(2) as a result of a capital gain being disregarded under subsection 104-230(10), is the CGT discount available if a CGT event happens to the share within 12 months of its acquisition?

188. For a capital gain to be a discount capital gain under Division 115, the capital gain must result from a CGT event happening to a CGT asset that was acquired by the entity making the capital gain at least 12 months before the CGT event.

189. The time of acquisition of an asset for the purposes of applying the 12 month test is generally determined under Division 109. However, special rules contained in the table in subsection 115-30(1) may prescribe an earlier time of acquisition, to that determined under Division 109, for the purposes of applying the 12 month test. Broadly, subsection 115-30(1) prescribes an earlier time of acquisition for the purposes of applying the 12 month test in circumstances where a taxpayer has acquired the asset as a result of a rollover or as a result of the death of another person.

190. None of the special rules in subsection 115-30(1) applies to prescribe an earlier time of acquisition for a post-CGT replacement share, the cost base and reduced cost base of which has been reduced under subsection 124-800(2) as a result of a capital gain being disregarded under subsection 104-230(10). The share is not acquired under either a same asset rollover or a replacement asset rollover, or as a result of the death of another person.

191. The taxpayer did not qualify for scrip for scrip replacement asset rollover under Subdivision 124-M as their original share was not acquired on or after 20 September 1985.

192. Accordingly, the CGT discount would not be available in relation to a capital gain made in respect of the replacement share if the CGT event happened within 12 months of the time at which the share was taken to be acquired under Division 109.

Can CGT event K6 happen when pre-CGT shares end under CGT event C2 on deregistration of a company in liquidation following its winding up?

193. On the deregistration of a company in liquidation, CGT event C2 (which is about cancellation, surrender and similar ending of intangible CGT assets) happens in respect of shares in the company. A capital gain or a capital loss may arise under subsection 104-25(3) upon the ending of the post-CGT shares.

194. CGT event K6 can happen when, among other events, CGT event C2 happens in relation to pre-CGT shares in a company: paragraph 104-230(1)(b) and subsection 104-230(5). However, for CGT event K6 to happen, the company must hold post-CGT property just before CGT event C2 happens: subsection 104-230(2). It is unlikely that this requirement would be satisfied just before a company is deregistered (that is, it would be unlikely to have any property at this time).

195. In the unlikely event that CGT event K6 is attracted, section 118-20 will obviate double taxation by reducing any capital gain made under subsection 104-230(6) by the amount, if any, of the liquidator's distribution that is assessed as a dividend.

Definitions

Key terms

196. For the purposes of this Ruling, some key terms are defined as follows:

·

  'capital proceeds' has the meaning given by Division 116;

·

  'CGT asset' has the meaning given by section 108-5;

·

  'depreciating asset' has the meaning given by section 40-30;

·

  'discount capital gain' has the meaning given by Subdivision 115-A;

·

  'lower tier company' in relation to a company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a) (the 'paragraph (a) company') means:

·

  a company in which the paragraph (a) company has a direct interest; and

·

  a company in which another lower tier company in relation to the paragraph (a) company, as a result of a previous application of this definition, has a direct interest,

 but does not include a company that satisfies the stock exchange listing requirements outlined in paragraph 104-230(9)(a) (including the requirement that the company be listed continuously for at least five years) or a company in which that listed company has a direct or indirect interest;

·

  'multi-tier structure' means a structure where there are one or more lower tier companies in relation to the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a); and

·

  'single tier structure' means a structure where there are no lower tier companies in relation to the company referred to in paragraph 104-230(2)(a).

Cross reference table of provisions

197. The following table provides cross references between the relevant provision of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 and the corresponding provision in the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936.

Detailed contents list

198. Below is a detailed contents list for this Taxation Ruling:

Commissioner of Taxation

22 December 2004

Footnotes

Other References 
Explanatory Memorandum to the Income Tax Assessment Amendment (Capital Gains) Bill 1986 
Macquarie Dictionary 3rd revised edition 
Statement of Accounting Concepts 4 - Definition and Recognition of the Elements of Financial Statements (1995)